Silvio Uhlig, Dr. scient.

Toxinology Research Group
Norwegian Veterinary Institute
Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1
1433 Ås
Norway

Tel.: +47 474 14 232
Skype: silvio.oslo
E-mail: silvio.uhlig@vetinst.no

Cristin
Researchgate
ORCiD

Research interests

Chemistry of toxins from fungi, cyanobacteria, algae and plants; their isolation, purification and characterisation as well as biological effects. Instrumental analysis of small molecules including mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Metabolomics.

Background

Background in chemical engineering, organic and analytical chemistry from the University of Applied Sciences Dresden/Germany and University of Oslo/Norway. Professional experience from Zeneca Specialties Manchester/UK and Institute for Energy Technology Kjeller/Norway. Doctoral degree from the Norwegian Veterinary Institute/Norwegian School of Veterinary Science Oslo/Norway. Senior Researcher at the Norwegian Veterinary Institute since 2005.

Ongoing projects

ToxANoWa – Toxic microalgae in Norwegian waters. Uncovering fish-killing mechanisms of phytoplankton from Scandinavian waters
GyroOmics– Multi-Omics analysis for the differentiation of salmon fluke (Gyrodactylus salaris) susceptibility in Atlantic and Baltic salmon (Salmo salar)
PromoFish – Establishment of salmon skin mucus multi-omics analyses

Recent projects

Bio-DIRECT – Biomarkers and Bioassays for Animal and Fish Research and Diagnostics (SIS 2019-2022).

CiguaPIRE – Advancing global strategies and understanding on the origin of ciguatera fish poisoning in tropical oceans (2018-2022).

iNOBox: – A technology and market-driven innovation e-toolbox towards a sustainable, competive and science-based agri-food industry in Norway (2018-2021)

iSABreed – ISA resistance in Atlantic salmon: Defining new phenotypes for accurate breeding (2017-2020)

MycoSafe-South – European–African partnership for safe and efficient use of mycotoxin-mitigation strategies in sub-Saharan Africa (2018-2021)
FunTox – Fungi and mycotoxins in a «One Health» perspective

MYCOPIG – Mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi in Norwegian pig farming: consequences for animal health and possible intervention strategies (2013-2018)

PROTECTED – PROTECTion against Endocrine Disruptors. Detection, mixtures, health effects, risk assessment and communication. (EU Horizon 2020, Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant, 2017-2020)

PromoFish – Proteomics and metabolomics as tools in aquaculture research: epidermal mucus and the Gyrodactylus salaris mystery

Articles

  • Gwinn JK, Robertson A, Ivanova L, Fæste CK, Kryuchkov F, Uhlig S. Identification and cross-species comparison of in vitro phase I brevetoxin (BTX-2) metabolites in northern Gulf of Mexico fish and human liver microsomes by UHPLC-HRMS(/MS). Toxicon X, 2023, 19, 100168.
  • Mudge EM, Miles CO, Ivanova L, Uhlig S, James KS, Erdner D, Fæste CK, McCarron P, Robertson A. Algal ciguatoxin identified as source of ciguatera poisoning in the Caribbean. Chemosphere 2023, 330:138659.
  • Davidson RK, Fæste CK, Uhlig S, Tukun F-L, Lian H, Solvang HA, Thorvaldsen R, Folkow L, Sánchez Romano J, Kilvær MV, Holmgren KE, Nymo IH. Pharmacokinetics of a long-acting subcutaneous eprinomectin injection in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) – a pilot study. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2022 97:104041.
  • Gwinn, J. K.; Uhlig, S.; Ivanova, L.; Fæste, C. K.; Kryuchkov, F.; Robertson, A., In vitro glucuronidation of Caribbean ciguatoxins in fish: first report of conjugative ciguatoxin metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol 2021, 34 (8), 1910-1925.
  • Neckermann, K.; Claus, G.; De Baere, S.; Antonissen, G.; Lebrun, S.; Gemmi, C.; Taminiau, B.; Douny, C.; Scippo, M.-L.; Schatzmayr, D.; Gathumbi, J.; Uhlig, S.; Croubels, S.; Delcenserie, V., The efficacy and effect on gut microbiota of an aflatoxin binder and a fumonisin esterase using an in vitro simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME®). Food Research International 2021, 145, 110395.
  • Uhlig, S.; Rangel-Huerta, O. D.; Divon, H. H.; Rolén, E.; Pauchon, K.; Sumarah, M. W.; Vrålstad, T.; Renaud, J. B., Unraveling the ergot alkaloid and indole diterpenoid metabolome in the Claviceps purpurea species complex using LC–HRMS/MS diagnostic fragmentation filtering. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2021, 69 (25), 7137-7148.
  • van den Brand, A. D.; Hoogenveen, R.; Mengelers, M. J. B.; Zeilmaker, M.; Eriksen, G. S.; Uhlig, S.; Brantsæter, A. L.; Dirven, H. A. A. M.; Husøy, T., Modelling the renal excretion of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in humans in an everyday situation. Toxins 2021, 13 (10), 675.
  • Rangel Huerta, O.D.; Ivanova, I.; Hytterød, S.; Moen, A.; Uhlig, S.; Hagen, A.G.; Olstad, K.; Fæste, C.K. Integrated Omics in salmon skin mucus for determining consequences of chloramine treatment against parasite infestation. J Integr Omics 2020, 341, 5–17.
  • Uhlig, S.; Ivanova, L.; Voorspoels, P.; Fæste, C.K. In vitro toxicokinetics and phase I biotransformation of the mycotoxin penitrem A in dogs. Toxins 2020, 12, 293.
  • Mallia, V.; Ivanova, L.; Ballot, A.; Eriksen.; Harper, E.; Connolly, L.; Uhlig, S.  Investigation of in vitro endocrine activities of Microcystis and Planktothrix cyanobacterial strains. Toxins 2020, 12, 228.
  • Uhlig, S., Ivanova, L., Miles, C.O. Oxidative release of thiol-conjugated forms of the mycotoxin 4-deoxynivalenol (DON), Chem Res Toxicol 2020, 33, 515–521.
  • Catteuw, A, Devreese, M., De Baere, S., Antonissen, G., Ivanova, L., Uhlig, S., Martens, A., De Saeger, S., De Boevre, M., Croubels, S. Investigation of age‑related differences in toxicokinetic processes of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol‑3‑glucoside in weaned piglets, Archives of Toxicology 2020, 94, 417–425.
  • Hagman, C.H.C, Rohrlack, T., Uhlig, S., Hostyeva, V. Heteroxanthin as a pigment biomarker for Gonyostomum semen (Raphidophyceae), PLoS ONE, 2019, 14, e0226650.
  • Mallia, V., Uhlig, S., Rafuse, C., Meija, J., Miles, C.O. Novel microcystins from Planktothrix prolifica NIVA-CYA 544 identified by LC-MS/MS, functional group derivatization and 15N-labeling, Marine Drugs, 2019, 17, 643–664.
  • Urbaniak, M., Stepien, L, Uhlig. Evidence for naturally produced beauvericins containing N-methyl-tyrosine in Hypocreales fungi, Toxins, 2019, 11, 182–192.
  • Catteuw, A., Broekaert, N., De Baere, S., Lauwers, M., Gasthuys, E., Huybrechts, B., Callebaut, A., Ivanova, L., Uhlig, S., De Boevre, M., De Saeger, S., Gehring, R., Devreese, M., Croubels, S. In vivo contribution of α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol and zearalenone-14-glucoside to zearalenone exposure in pigs: absolute oral bioavailability, biotransformation, hydrolysis and toxicokinetics. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2019, 3448–3458.
  • Sayyari, A., Uhlig, S., Fæste, C.K., Framstad, T., Sivertsen, T. Transfer of deoxynivalenol (DON) through placenta, colostrum and milk from sows to their offspring during late gestation and lactation. Toxins, 2018, 10, 517–538.
  • Sayyari, A., Fæste, C.K., Hansen, U., Uhlig, S., Framstad, T., Schatzmayr, D., Sivertsen, T. Effects and biotransformation of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in growing pigs fed with naturally contaminated pelleted grains with and without the addition of Coriobacteriaceum DSM 11798. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part A 2018, 35 (7), 1394–1409.
  • Ivanova, L., Tartor, H., Grove, S., Kristoffersen, A.B., Uhlig, S. Workflow for the targeted and untargeted detection of small metabolites in fish skin mucus. Fishes 2018, 3 (2), 21–34.
  • Fæste, C.K., Ivanova, L., Sayyari, A., Hansen, U., Sivertsen, T., Uhlig, S. Prediction of deoxynivalenol toxicokinetics in humans by in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation and allometric scaling of in vivo animal data. Archives of Toxicology 2018, 92 (7), 2195–2216.
  • Handeland, K., Vikøren, T., Josefsen, T., Valdecanas, B., Uhlig, S. Yew (Taxus) intoxication in free-ranging cervids. PlosOne 2017, 12 (12), 1–10.
  • Øya, E., Afanou, A.K.J., Malla, N, Uhlig, S., Rolen, E., Skaar, I., Straumfors, A., Winberg, J.O., Bang, B.E., Schwarze, P.E., Eduard, W., Holme, J.A. Characterization and pro-inflammatory responses of spore and hyphae samples from various mold species, submitted for publication in Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2017, 28, 28–39.
  • Uhlig, S., Stanic, A., Hussain, F., Miles, C.O. Selectivity of commercial immunoaffinity columns for modified forms of the mycotoxin 4-deoxynivalenol (DON), Journal of Chromatography B 2017, 1061–1062, 322–326.
  • Ivanova, L., Uhlig, S., Devreese, M., Croubels, S., Fæste, C.K. Biotransformation of the mycotoxin enniatin B1 in pigs: a comparative in vitro and in vivo approach, Food and Chemical Toxicology 2017, 105, 506–517.
  • Moldes-Anaya, A., Sæther, T., Uhlig, S., Nebb, H.I., Larsen, T., Eilertsen, H.C., Paulsen, S.M. Two isomeric C16 oxo-fatty acids from the diatom Chaetoceros karianus show isoform-specific agonist activity towards human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), Marine Drugs 2017, 15, 148–163.
  • Ivanova, L., Sahlstrøm, S., Rud, I., Uhlig, S., Fæste, C.K., Eriksen, G.S., Divon, H. Effect of primary processing on the distribution of free and modified Fusarium mycotoxins in naturally contaminated oats, World Mycotoxin Journal 2017, 10, 73–88.
  • Uhlig, S., Stanic, A., Hofgaard, I.S., Kluger, B., Schuhmacher, R., Miles, C.O. Glutathione-conjugates of deoxynivalenol in naturally contaminated grain are primarily linked via the epoxide group, Toxins 2016, 8, 329–340.
  • Stanic, A., Uhlig, S., Sandvik, M., Rise, F., Wilkins, A., Miles, C.O. Characterization of deoxynivalenol–glutathione conjugates using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2016, 64, 6903–6910.
  • Pasquali, M., Beyer, M., Logrieco, A., Audenaert, K., Balmas, V., Basler, R., Boutigny, A.-L., Chrpova, J., Czembor, E., Gagkaeva, T., Gonzales-Jaen, M.T., Hofgaard, I.S., Köycü, N.D., Hoffmann, L., Levic, J., Marin, P., Miedaner, T., Migheli, Q., Moretti, A., Müller, M.E.H., Munaut, F., Parikka, P., Pallez-Barthel, M., Piec, J., Scauflaire, J., Scherm, B., Stankovic, S., Thrane, U., Uhlig, S., Vanheule, A., Yli-Mattila, T., Vogelgsang, S. A European database of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum trichothecene genotypes, Frontiers in Microbiology 2016, 7, 406–416.
  • Stanic, A., Uhlig, S., Solhaug, A., Rise, F., Wilkins, A., Miles, C.O. Preparation and characterization of cysteine adducts of deoxynivalenol, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2016, 64, 4777–4785.
  • Uhlig, S.; Ivanova, L. and Fæaste, C. K. Correction to Enzyme-assisted synthesis and structural characterization of the 3-, 8- and 15-glucuronides of deoxynivalenol, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2016, 64, 3732.
  • Frandsen, R.J.N., Rasmussen, S.A., Knudsen, P.B., Uhlig, S., Petersen, D., Lysøe, E., Gotfredsen, C.H., Giese, H., Larsen, T.O. Perithecial pigmentation in Fusarium species with black perithecia is due to the accumulation of 5-deoxybostrycoidin-based melanin, Scientific Reports 2016 6, 26206–26220.
  • Beccari, G.; Caproni, L.; Tini; F., Uhlig, S.; Covarelli, L. Presence of Fusarium species and other toxigenic fungi in malting barley and multi-mycotoxin analysis using liquid chromatography – high resolution mass spectrometry, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2016, 64,4390–4399.
  • Uhlig, S.; Negård, M.; Heldal, K.K.; Straumfors, A.; Madsø, B.; Bakke, B.; Eduard, W. Profiling of 3-hydroxy fatty acids as environmental markers of endotoxin using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 2016, 1434, 119-126.
  • Huybrechts, B.; Martins, J.C.; Debongnie, P.; Uhlig, S.; Callebaut, A. Fast and sensitive LC–MS/MS method measuring human mycotoxin exposure using biomarkers in urine, Archives in Toxicology 2015, 89, 1993-2005.
  • Frizzell, C.; Uhlig, S.; Miles, C.O.; Verhaegen, S.; Elliott, C.T.; Eriksen, G.S.; Sørlie, M.; Ropstad, E.; Connolly, L. Biotransformation of zearalenone and zearalenols to their major glucuronide metabolites reduces estrogenic activity, Toxicology In Vitro 2015, 29, 575-581.
  • Stanic, A.; Uhlig, S.; Solhaug, A.; Rise, F.; Wilkins, A.; Miles, C.O. Nucleophilic addition of thiols to deoxynivalenol, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2015, 63, 7556-7566.
  • Aamot, H.U.; Ward, T.J.; Brodal, G.; Vrålstad, V.; Larsen, G.B.; Klemsdal, S.; Elameen, A.; Uhlig, S.; Hofgaard, I.S. Genetic and phenotypic diversity within the Fusarium graminearum species complex in Norway, European Journal of Plant Pathology 2015, 142, 501-519.
  • Negård, M.; Uhlig, S.; Kauserud, H.; Andersen, T.; Høiland, K.; Vrålstad, T. Indole-alkaloid profiles in Norwegian Claviceps purpurea populations – relationships between chemoraces, genetic groups and ecology, Toxins 2015, 7, 1431-1456.
  • Straumfors, A.; Uhlig, S.; Eriksen, G.S.; Heldal, K.K.; Eduard, W.; Krska, R.; Sulyok, M. Mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites in grain dust from Norwegian grain elevators and compound feed mills. World Mycotoxin Journal 2015, 8, 361-373.
  • Uhlig, S.; Hussain, F.; Wisløff, H. Bioassay-guided fractionation of extracts from Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum) flowers reveals unprecedented structural variability of steroidal glycoalkaloids. Toxicon 2014, 92, 42-49.
  • Uhlig, S.; Egge-Jacobsen, W.; Vrålstad, T.; Miles, C.O. Indole–diterpenoid profiles of Claviceps paspali and Claviceps purpurea from high-resolution Fourier transform Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2014, 28, 1621-1634.
  • Uhlig, S.; Eriksen, G.S.; Hofgaard, I.S.; Krska, R.; Beltran, E.; Sulyok, M. Faces of a changing climate: Semi-quantitative multi-mycotoxin analysis of grain grown in exceptional climatic conditions in Norway. Toxins 2013, 5, 1682-1697. open access
  • Ivanova, L.; Fæste, C.K.; Delezie, E.; Van Pamel, E.; Daeseleire, E.; Callebaut, A.; Uhlig, S. Presence of enniatin B and its hepatic metabolites in plasma and liver samples from broilers and eggs from laying hens. World Mycotoxin Journal 2014, 7, 167-175.
  • Sarkanj, B.; Warth, B.; Uhlig, S.; Abia, W.A.; Sulyok, M.; Klapec, T.; Krska, R.; Banjari, I. Urinary analysis reveals high deoxynivalenol exposure in pregnant women from Croatia. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2013, 62, 231-237.
  • Uhlig, S.; Ivanova, L.; Fæste, C.K. Enzyme-assisted synthesis and structural characterization of the 3‑, 8‑, and 15-glucuronides of deoxynivalenol. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2013, 61, 2006-2012.
  • Uhlig, S.; Busman, M.; Shane, D. S.; Rønning, H.; Rise, F.; Proctor, R. Identification of early fumonisin biosynthetic intermediates by inactivation of the FUM6 gene in Fusarium verticillioides. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2012, 60, 10293-10301.
  • Santini, A.; Meca, G.; Uhlig, S.; Ritieni, A. Fusaproliferin, beauvericin and enniatins: Occurrence in food – a review, World Mycotoxin Journal 2012, 5, 71-81.
  • Busk, Ø. L.; Frizzell, C.; Verhaegen; S.; Uhlig, S.; Connolly, L.; Ropstad, E.; Sørlie, M. Cytosol protein regulation in H295R steroidogenesis model induced by the zearalenone metabolites, α-and β-zearalenol. Toxicon 2012, 59, 17-24.
  • Uhlig, S.; Kaldhusdal, M.; Gjevre, A.-G. LC-MS-MS determination of gizzerosine in poultry feed. Chromatographia 2011, 74, 133-138.
    Fæste, C. K.; Ivanova, L.; Uhlig, S. In vitro metabolism of the mycotoxin enniatin B in different species and CYP P450 reaction phenotyping. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 2011, 39, 1768-1776.
  • Ivanova, L.; Fæste, C. K.; Uhlig, S. In vitro metabolism of the depsipeptide enniatin B. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2011, 400, 2889-2901.
  • Uhlig, S.; Petersen, D.; Rolen, E.; Egge-Jacobsen, W.; Vrålstad, T. Ergosedmine, a new peptide ergot alkaloid from the ergot fungus, Claviceps purpurea, parasitizing Calamagrostis arundinacea. Phytochemistry Letters 2011, 4, 79-85.
  • Moldes-Anaya, A.; Rundberget, T.; Uhlig, S.; Rise, F.; Wilkins, A. L. Isolation and structure elucidation of secopenitrem D, an indole alkaloid from Penicillium crustosum Thom. Toxicon 2011, 57 (2), 259-265. Abstract
  • Ivanova, L.; Uhlig, S.; Eriksen, G. S.; Johannessen, L. E. Enniatin B1 is a substrate of intestinal P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and breast cancer resistance protein. World Mycotoxin Journal 2010, 3 (3), 271-281.
  • Ivanova, L.; Petersen, D.; Uhlig, S. Phomenins and fatty acids from Alternaria infectoria. Toxicon 2010, 55 (6), 1107-1114.
  • Langseth, W.; Rundberget, T.; Uhlig, S. Electron ionisation mass spectrometry of the pentafluoropropionate esters of trichothecene analogues and culmorin compounds from Fusarium species. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2010, 24 (17), 2641-2649.
  • Jestoi, M.; Kokkonen, M.; Uhlig, S. What about the ‘other’ Fusarium mycotoxins? World Mycotoxin Journal 2009, 2 (2), 181-192.
  • Uhlig, S.; Ivanova, L.; Petersen, D.; Kristensen, R. Structural studies on minor enniatins from Fusarium sp VI 03441: Novel N-methyl-threonine containing enniatins. Toxicon 2009, 53 (7-8), 734-742.
  • Uhlig, S.; Botha, C. J.; Vrålstad, T.; Rolen, E.; Miles, C. O. Indole-diterpenes and ergot alkaloids in Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda Grass) infected with Claviceps cynodontis from an outbreak of tremors in cattle. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2009, 57 (23), 11112-11119.
  • Ivanova, L.; Uhlig, S. A bioassay for the simultaneous measurement of metabolic activity, membrane integrity, and lysosomal activity in cell cultures. Analytical Biochemistry 2008, 379 (1), 16-19.
  • Uhlig, S.; Ivanova, L.; Bernhoft, A.; Eriksen, G. S. 2-Amino-14,16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol: in vitro bioactivity and bio-production by the fungus Fusarium avenaceum. World Mycotoxin Journal 2008, 1 (1), 49-58.
  • Uhlig, S.; Petersen, D. Lactam ergot alkaloids (ergopeptams) as predominant alkaloids in sclerotia of Claviceps purpurea from Norwegian wild grasses. Toxicon 2008, 52 (1), 175-185.
    Wisløff, H.; Uhlig, S.; Scheie, E.; Loader, J.; Wilkins, A.; Flåøyen, A. Toxicity testing of saponin-containing Yucca schidigera Roetzl. juice in relation to hepato- and nephrotoxicity of Narthecium ossifragum (L.) Huds. Toxicon 2008, 51 (1), 140-150.
  • Uhlig, S.; Wisløff, H.; Petersen, D. Identification of cytotoxic constituents of Narthecium ossifragum using bioassay-guided fractionation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2007, 55 (15), 6018-6026.
  • Uhlig, S.; Jestoi, M.; Parikka, P. Fusarium avenaceum — the North European situation. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2007, 119 (1-2), 17-24.
    Uhlig, S.; Vikoren, T.; Ivanova, L.; Handeland, K. Ergot alkaloids in Norwegian wild grasses: a mass spectrometric approach. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2007, 21 (10), 1651-1660.
  • Ivanova, L.; Skjerve, E.; Eriksen, G. S.; Uhlig, S. Cytotoxicity of enniatins A, A1, B, B1, B2 and B3 from Fusarium avenaceum. Toxicon 2006, 47 (8), 868-876.
    Uhlig, S.; Jestoi, M.; Kristin, K. A.; Heier, B. T. Multiple regression analysis as a tool for the identification of relations between semi-quantitative LC-MS data and cytotoxicity of extracts of the fungus Fusarium avenaceum (syn. F. arthrosporioides). Toxicon 2006, 48 (5), 567-579.
  • Uhlig, S.; Torp, M.; Heier, B. T. Beauvericin and enniatins A, A1, B and B1 in Norwegian grain: a survey. Food Chemistry 2006, 94 (2), 193-201.
  • Uhlig, S.; Petersen, D.; Flaoyen, A.; Wilkins, A. 2-Amino-14,16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol, a new sphingosine analogue toxin in the fungal genus Fusarium. Toxicon 2005, 46 (5), 513-522.
  • Uhlig, S.; Gutleb, A. C.; Thrane, U.; Flåøyen, A. Identification of cytotoxic principles from Fusarium avenaceum using bioassay-guided fractionation. Toxicon 2005, 46 (2), 150-159.
  • Uhlig, S.; Torp, M.; Jarp, J.; Parich, A.; Gutleb, A. C.; Krska, R. Moniliformin in Norwegian grain. Food Additives and Contaminants 2004, 21 (6), 598-606.
  • Uhlig, S.; Ivanova, L. Determination of beauvericin and four other enniatins in grain by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 2004, 1050 (2), 173-178.
  • Morrison, E.; Kosiak, B.; Ritieni, A.; Aastveit, A. H.; Uhlig, S.; Bernhoft, A. Mycotoxin production by Fusarium avenaceum strains isolated from Norwegian grain and the cytotoxicity of rice culture extracts to porcine kidney  epithelial cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2002, 50 (10), 3070-3075.